Bleek and Lloyd, the Kora and the Griqua

Bleek and Lloyd’s ǀXam collection, and the Kora and Griqua on the northern frontier. Read one part at a time and tap “I know this”. Then test yourself in the quiz.

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The ǀXam archive as a source

Strength	Weakness
It gives ǀXam people’s own words	Outsiders wrote it down

Wilhelm Bleek was a German language expert, and Lucy Lloyd was his sister-in-law. From 1870, ǀXam men who had been prisoners at the Breakwater prison in Cape Town came to live at Bleek’s home in Mowbray. There ǁKabbo and others told their stories, which were written down in ǀXam with an English translation. The collection grew to about 14 000 pages. After Bleek died in 1875, Lucy Lloyd continued the work.

Bleek and Lloyd wrote down the ǀXam people’s stories.

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The Kora and Griqua

The Kora were Khoikhoi groups who moved to the Gariep; they sometimes raided cattle on horseback.
Klaarwater was renamed Griquatown in 1813 in honour of the Griqua; the London Missionary Society worked there and brought schools and churches.
The Kora and Griqua got guns, horses and wagons from Cape traders and sent back ivory, skins and cattle: middlemen between Cape and Tswana traders.
Adam Kok III led many Griqua east in the 1860s, because they were losing land to settlers.

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Remember this: your summary

Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd recorded ǀXam San stories, beliefs and nature lore in the 1870s, from storytellers like ǁKabbo.
The language was dying out; the handwritten notebooks and drawings are on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register.
Our motto !ke e: ǀxarra ǁke (“Diverse people unite”) comes from ǀXam.
The Griqua (of mixed Khoikhoi, slave and European descent) were led north by Adam Kok I, a freed slave; Andries Waterboer signed a treaty in 1834.
Diamonds in Griqualand West (1867–1871) led Britain to take over the area.

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Memory trick

Bleek and Lloyd saved a voice that was almost silenced: the ǀXam’s.

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Important words

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